Amaplanga: Umqolo woLwakhiwo oluZinzileyo

Yintoni iTimbers?

Amaplanga, adla ngokubizwa ngokubaamaplangaokanye iinkuni, yenye yezona zinto ziguquguqukayo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulwakhiwo. Ethathwe kwimithi, amaplanga abe sisiseko sophuhliso lwabantu, ebonelela ngemathiriyeli ekrwada yokwakha izakhiwo, ifenitshala, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo. Iimpawu eziphambili zamaplanga, njengokuqina, ukuqina, kunye nomtsalane wobuhle, ziwenza abe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, indalo ezinzileyo yamaplanga, xa efunyenwe ngokufanelekileyo, inegalelo ekuthandeni kwawo njengesixhobo sokwakha esilungele indalo.

Ukubaluleka kwamaplanga kulwakhiwo

Uzinzo kunye neMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo

Amaplanga abhiyozelwa ngenxa yeenzuzo zawo zokusingqongileyo. Njengomthombo ohlaziyekayo, zinokuvunwa kwaye zityalwe kwakhona, ziqinisekisa ukubonelela ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ubutyebi bendalo. Izenzo zamahlathi ezinenkathalo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukugawulwa kwemithi akukhokelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kodwa kunoko kukhuthaza impilo yamahlathi neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuveliswa kwamaplanga kunomlinganiselo ophantsi wekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto zokwakha ezifana nekhonkrithi kunye nentsimbi, oko kuyenza ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezizinzileyo.

Ukuqina kunye nokomelela

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwamaplanga ekwakhiweni kokomelela nokuqina kwawo. Iphathwe kakuhle kwaye igcinwe,amaplangas ingahlala amashumi eminyaka, ibonelela ngesakhelo esomeleleyo nesithembekileyo sezakhiwo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokhuni zibonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo obunzima kunye namandla, okuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, ukusuka kwimiqadi yesakhiwo ukuya phantsi kunye nophahla.

Ukuguquguquka kwizicelo

Amaplanga asebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye anokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Zinokusikwa, zibunjwe, kwaye zigqitywe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zeprojekthi. Oku kuguquguquka kwenza amaplanga afanelekele uluhlu olubanzi lweenjongo zokwakha, kubandakanywa ifreyim, umgangatho, ikhabhinethi, kunye nokugquma kwangaphandle. Isibheno sobuhle bomthi, kunye neenkozo zayo zendalo kunye nokuthungwa, zongeza umtsalane okhethekileyo kuso nasiphi na isakhiwo, siphucula ukuyila kwayo kunye nokuziva.

Iintlobo zamaplanga kunye nokuSetyenziswa kwawo

Iimithi ezithambileyo

I-Softwoods, efana nepine, i-fir, kunye ne-spruce, isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwakhiweni ngenxa yokufumaneka kwayo kunye nokukhululeka kokulungiswa. Ezi nkuni zikhaphukhaphu kwaye zixinene kakhulu kunemithi eqinileyo, izenza zilungele ukwakhiwa kwesakhelo kunye nezinye izicelo apho ubunzima buqwalaselwa. Ii-Softwoods zikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweemveliso zokhuni zobunjineli ezifanaiplywoodkwayeibhodi ye-strand oriented(OSB), eziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwangoku.

Iinkuni ezilukhuni

Iinkuni eziqinileyo, ezifana ne-oki, imephu kunye ne-cherry, zixinene kwaye zomelele kunemithi ethambileyo. Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho amandla kunye nokumelana nokunxiba kubalulekile, njengomgangatho, ikhabhinethi kunye nefenitshala. Iinkuni ezilukhuni zikwaxabiseke ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezintle, ezinemibala etyebileyo kunye neepateni ezintsonkothileyo zengqolowa ezongeza ubuhle kunye nobugocigoci kwiindawo zangaphakathi.

Iimveliso zokhuni zobuNjineli

Umthi owenziwe ngobunjineliiimveliso, kubandakanywa iplywood,amaplanga e-laminated veneer(I-LVL), kunye nemithi ye-cross-laminated (CLT), inika amandla aphuculweyo kunye nokuzinza xa kuthelekiswa nemithi yendabuko. Ezi mveliso zenziwa ngokudibanisa iileya zeplanga kunye, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimathiriyeli eyomelele kwaye iqine ngakumbi kunomthi oqinileyo. Umthi owenziwe ngobunjineli usetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo zokwakha, ukusuka kumacandelo ezakhiwo ukuya kwizinto zokuhlobisa.

Iingenelo Zokusebenzisa Amaplanga

IiNzuzo zokusiNgqongileyo

Amaplanga anegalelo ekunciphiseni icarbon footprint yezakhiwo. Imithi ifunxa ikharbon diokside njengoko ikhula, yaye le carbon igcinwa emaplangeni nasemva kokuba ivuniwe ize isetyenziswe ekwakheni. Oku kwenza amaplanga abe yi-carbon-negative yokwakha. Ngaphezu koko, ukuveliswa kweemveliso zokhuni kufuna amandla angaphantsi kokuveliswa kwentsimbi okanye ikhonkrithi, ngakumbi ukuphucula iziqinisekiso zabo zokusingqongileyo.

Impilo kunye noKuphila

Izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngamaplanga zibonakaliswe ukukhuthaza umgangatho ongcono womoya wangaphakathi kunye nempilo yabantu abahlala kuyo. Ukhuni luneempawu zendalo zokugquma, ezinceda ukugcina ubushushu bangaphakathi obutofotofo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukongezelela, ubukho bomthi kwiindawo zangaphakathi buye badibaniswa nokunciphisa amanqanaba oxinzelelo kunye nokuphucula impilo yengqondo yonke, ukudala impilo ephilileyo kunye neendawo zokusebenza.

Izinto eziluncedo kwezoQoqosho

Amaplanga abonelela ngeenzuzo zoqoqosho ngokunjalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zifikeleleka ngakumbi kunezinye izinto zokwakha, ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa ubomi babo obude kunye neemfuno zokugcinwa okuncinci. Ukuguquguquka kweenkuni kukwavumela ukwakhiwa kweendleko kunye nezisombululo zokwakha, ukunciphisa iindleko zeprojekthi jikelele.

Amaplanga kuLwakhiwo lwale mihla

Iindlela zokwakha ezizinzileyo

Kulwakhiwo lwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwamaplanga kuhambelana neendlela zokwakha ezizinzileyo. Izatifikethi zezakhiwo eziluhlaza, ezifana ne-LEED kunye ne-BREEAM, ziyaqaphela ukusetyenziswa kwemithi efunyenwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ikhuthaze ukufakwa kwayo kwiiprojekthi zokwakha. Ngokukhetha amaplanga, abakhi kunye nabaphuhlisi banokufaka isandla kwiindlela zokwakha ezizinzileyo nezingakhathaleli indalo.

Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kuLwakhiwo lweMithi

Ukuhambela phambili kweteknoloji nobunjineli kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni okutsha kwamaplanga kulwakhiwo. Amaplanga anqamlezileyo (CLT) kunye nezinye iimveliso zamaplanga anzima ngoku zisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo, ezibonisa amandlaiinkuninjengenye indlela esebenzayo kwintsimbi kunye nekhonkrithi. Olu tshintsho alubonisi nje ukomelela kunye nokuguquguquka kwamaplanga kodwa lukwabonisa amandla ayo okuxhasa iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokwakha.

Uyilo loYilo kunye ne-Aesthetics

Amaplanga anika ukuguquguquka koyilo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto, evumela abayili bezakhiwo ukuba benze izakhiwo ezibukekayo ezimangalisayo kunye nezandi zesakhiwo. Ubuhle bendalo bomthi buphucula ukukhanga kobuhle baso nasiphi na isakhiwo, ukudala iindawo ezifudumeleyo kunye nezimemayo. Ubuchule beplanga obunjwa lula kwaye bugqibeke bukwavumela uyilo oluntsonkothileyo nolwahlukileyo lolwakhiwo, ukutyhala imida yoyilo lwangoku.

Amaplanga kwiZakhiwo eziZinzileyo

IziQinisekiso zeSakhiwo esiluhlaza

Amaplanga adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni iziqinisekiso zokwakha eziluhlaza. Imibutho efana ne-US Green Building Council kunye ne-Building Research Establishment (BRE) ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezizinzileyo, kuquka nemithi, ekwakheni. Ezi ziqinisekiso zivuma iingenelo zokusingqongileyo zokusebenzisa iinkuni, zikhuthaza abakhi ukuba bamkele amaplanga njengento ephambili kwiiprojekthi zabo. Ngokubandakanya amaplanga, iiprojekthi zinokufumana amanqaku ngokubhekiselele kwiziqinisekiso ezifana ne-LEED (Ubunkokeli kuMandla kunye noYilo lokusiNgqongileyo) kunye ne-BREEAM (iNdlela yoVavanyo lweNdawo yokuSekwa ​​koPhando), ephucula ukuthengiswa kwesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo.

UbuChwephesha bokuBeka amaplanga

Ubuchwephesha bokuqulunqa amaplanga bemveli buguqukile kwiinkulungwane, ukuqhelana neemfuno zale mihla zokwakha ngelixa kugcinwa ukuthembeka kunye nokomelela kwezakhiwo zomthi. Ukuqulunqa amaplanga kubandakanya ukudibanisa imiqadi emikhulu kusetyenziswa i-mortise kunye ne-tennon joints, izikhonkwane, kunye nezinye iindlela zesintu, ukudala izikhokelo ezomeleleyo kunye nezithandekayo ngobuhle. Ubuchwephesha abunasandi nje kuphela kodwa bukwavumela iindawo zangaphakathi ezivulekileyo, eziguquguqukayo, ezixatyiswa kakhulu kuyilo lwangoku.

Izinto ezintsha kwiTekhnoloji yeTimber

Amaplanga anqamlezileyo (CLT)

I-Cross-Laminated Timber (i-CLT) luphuhliso olusisiseko kulwakhiwo lwamaplanga. Iipaneli ze-CLT zenziwe ngokudibanisa iileyile zeplanga kwii-angles ezifanelekileyo ukuya komnye nomnye, ukudala izinto eziqinileyo kunye nezilula. Iipaneli ze-CLT zinokuthi zenziwe ngaphambili kwaye zihlanganiswe kwindawo, ukunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokwakha kunye neendleko zabasebenzi. Amandla kunye nokuguquguquka kwe-CLT kwenza ukuba ilungele uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanywa izakhiwo ezininzi, izikolo, kunye neendawo zorhwebo.

I-Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

I-Laminated Veneer Lumber (i-LVL) yenye imveliso yomthi eyenziwe ngobunjineli eye yaguqula ulwakhiwo lwamaplanga. I-LVL yenziwe ngokudibanisa iiveneers zomthi ezicekethekileyo kunye phantsi kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, okukhokelela kwimveliso eyomeleleyo kwaye engaguquguqukiyo kunomthi oqinileyo. I-LVL isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiiplanga, iiheader, kunye nezinye izicelo zesakhiwo apho amandla aphezulu kunye nokuzinza kuyadingeka. Ukufana kwayo kunye nokuthembeka kwayo kwenza kube yinto ekhethiweyo kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala kunye nokwakhiwa kwezorhwebo.

IiNzuzo zoKwakha ngamaplanga

I-Insulation ye-Thermal kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla

Amaplanga aneempawu ezibalaseleyo zokugquma i-thermal, enceda ukugcina ubushushu bangaphakathi obutofotofo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ubuchule bokugquma bendalo beWood bunciphisa imfuno yokufudumeza okufakelweyo kunye nokupholisa, igalelo kumatyala asezantsi amandla kunye nendawo encinci yekhabhoni. Ukongeza, iipropathi ze-hygroscopic zamaplanga zinceda ukulawula amanqanaba okufuma ngaphakathi, ukudala indawo yokuhlala enempilo kunye nekhululekile ngakumbi.

Ukusebenza kweAcoustic

Amaplanga akwabonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-acoustic, ebenza bafaneleke kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo. Ubuninzi bendalo kunye nesakhiwo seselula somthi sinceda ukufunxa isandi, ukunciphisa amanqanaba engxolo kunye nokuphucula induduzo ye-acoustic. Lo mgangatho uluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala eziziiyunithi ezininzi, izikolo, kunye neendawo zeeofisi, apho ukunciphisa ingxolo kubalulekile kwintlalontle yabemi kunye nemveliso.

Imizekelo: Amaplanga ayasebenza

Indlu yedolophu, eLondon

IStadthaus eLondon ngumzekelo wokwakhiwa kwamaplanga. Njengesinye sezona zakhiwo zide zehlabathi zokuhlala ezenziwe ngokupheleleyo nge-CLT, ibonisa ukubakho kwamaplanga njengesixhobo sokuqala sokwakha. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-CLT akuboneleli nje kuphela amandla okwakhiwa kodwa kwakhona kube negalelo ekusebenzeni kokusingqongileyo kwesakhiwo, ukuphumeza ukucutha okubonakalayo ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Brock Commons Tallwood House, Vancouver

I-Brock Commons Tallwood House kwiYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia yenye indawo ephawulekayo kulwakhiwo lwamaplanga. Le ndawo yokuhlala yabafundi ye-18 idibanisa i-CLT kunye ne-glulam (i-glued laminated timber) ukudala isakhiwo esiphakamileyo esinozinzo kunye nokuqina. Le projekthi ibonisa amandla omthi kulwakhiwo olukhulu, ukubeka imigangatho emitsha yokuzinza kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kushishino.

Imiceli-mngeni kunye namaThemba exesha elizayo

Ukumelana noMlilo

Enye yeenkxalabo eziphambili ngokwakhiwa kwamaplanga kukumelana nomlilo. Nangona kunjalo, iikhowudi zokwakha zanamhlanje kunye nobuchule bobunjineli obuphambili buwusombulule lo mbandela ngokufanelekileyo. Amaplanga anokunyangwa ngeengubo ezikwazi ukumelana nomlilo, kwaye iimveliso zokhuni ezinobunjineli ezifana ne-CLT zibonise ukusebenza kakuhle komlilo kwiimvavanyo. Ukutshisa iinkuni ngexesha lomlilo kudala umaleko okhuselayo obambezela ukutsha ngakumbi, ukubonelela ngexesha elibalulekileyo lokufuduka kunye nolawulo lomlilo.

Ukwamkeleka kweMarike kunye neMvo

Ngelixa ulwakhiwo lwamaplanga lufumana ukuthandwa, kusekho imingeni enxulumene nokwamkelwa kweemarike kunye nokuqonda. Ukufundisa abakhi, abaphuhlisi, kunye noluntu malunga neengenelo kunye nokubakho kwamaplanga kubaluleke kakhulu ekwamkelweni kwawo ngokubanzi. Ukubonisa ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwamaplanga kwiiprojekthi eziphezulu kunokunceda ukutshintsha iimbono kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwesi sixhobo esizinzileyo.

Ii-FAQs

Q: Ingaba amaplanga anegalelo njani kwimisebenzi yokwakha ezinzileyo?IMPENDULO: Amaplanga sisixhobo esihlaziyekayo esinokuvunwa ngokuzinzileyo kwaye sityalwe ngokutsha. Inomgangatho ophantsi wekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto kwaye inegalelo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) ekwakheni?A: I-CLT inika amandla, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokukhululeka kokuhlanganisana. Inciphisa ixesha lokwakha kunye neendleko, ibonelela ngokugqwesileyo kwe-thermal insulation, kwaye ineempawu ezilungileyo zokumelana nomlilo.

Umbuzo: Amaplanga angasetyenziswa njani kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo?A: Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwiimveliso zokhuni ezinobunjineli ezifana ne-CLT kunye ne-glulam zivumela imithi ukuba isetyenziswe kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Ezi zixhobo zinika amandla ayimfuneko kunye nokuzinza kulwakhiwo olukhulu.

Umbuzo: Ngawaphi amanyathelo athatyathwayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko emlilweni kwizakhiwo ezenziwe ngamaplanga?A: Amaplanga anganyangwa ngeengubo ezichasene nomlilo, kunye neemveliso zokhuni ezinobunjineli ezifana ne-CLT zibonise ukusebenza kakuhle komlilo. Iikhowudi zokwakha kunye neendlela zobunjineli nazo ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomlilo.

Umbuzo: Kutheni amaplanga ethathwa njengesixhobo sokwakha esilungele indalo?IMPENDULO: Amaplanga sisixhobo esihlaziyekayo esinokulawulwa ngokuzinzileyo. Igcina i-carbon, inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, kwaye inomlinganiselo ophantsi wamandla xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezifana nentsimbi kunye nekhonkrithi.

Umbuzo: Yiyiphi indima edlalwa ngamaplanga ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi?A: Amaplanga anceda ukulawula amanqanaba okufuma kwendlu, anegalelo kumgangatho ongcono womoya kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezinempilo. Iimpawu zayo zendalo nazo zinciphisa imfuno yokufudumeza okwenziweyo kunye nokupholisa, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.